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|national_anthem="The Star-Spangled Banner" ---- |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |map_caption = The contiguous United States plus Alaska and Hawaii |alt_map = Projection of North America with the United States in green |image_map2 = US insular areas SVG.svg|700px |alt_map2 = The United States and its territories |map_caption2 = The United States and its territories |map_width = 220px |capital =Washington, D.C. |latd=38 |latm=53 |latNS=N |longd=77 |longm=01 |longEW=W |largest_city =New York City |official_languages = |languages_type = National language |languages = English |official_religion = none |demonym = American |ethnic_groups = 62.1% White 77.4% (Including Hispanics) 13.2% Black 5.4% Asian 1.4% Native 2.5% Other/Multiracial 17.4% Hispanic/Latino |government_type = Federal presidential constitutional republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = Vice President |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = Chief Justice |leader_name4 = John Roberts |legislature = Congress |upper_house = Senate |lower_house = House of Representatives |sovereignty_type = |established_event1 = Declaration |established_date1 = July 4, 1776 |established_event2 = Confederation |established_date2 = March 1, 1781 |established_event3 = Treaty of Paris |established_date3 = September 3, 1783 |established_event4 = |established_date4 = June 21, 1788 |established_event5 = Last polity admitted |established_date5 = March 24, 1976 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_magnitude = 1 E+12 |area_km2 = 9,857,306 |area_sq_mi = 3,805,927 |percent_water = 7.1 |area_label = Total Area |area_label2 = Total Land Area |area_data2 = 9,158,022 km2 3,535,932 sq mi |area_footnote = 〔 |population_census_year = 2010 |population_census_rank = 3rd |population_census = 309,349,689〔(PDF ).U.S. census department data.〕 |population_estimate = 322,014,853〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. and World Population Clock )〕 |population_estimate_year = 2015 |population_estimate_rank = 3rd |population_density_km2 = 35 |population_density_sq_mi = 90.6 |population_density_rank = 180th |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP = 〔 |GDP_PPP_rank = 2nd |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $54,629〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10th |GDP_nominal = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects )〕 |GDP_nominal_rank = 1st |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $54,629〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5th |Gini_year = 2013 |Gini_change = |Gini = 40.8 |Gini_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/income-distribution-database.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/19/global-inequality-how-the-u-s-compares/ )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=46189 )〕 |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.914 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 5th |EF_year = 2007 |EF = 8.0 gha〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 )〕 |EF_rank = 6th |currency = ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −4 to −12, +10, +11 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10 |calling_code = +1 |iso3166code = US |date_format = MM/DD/YYYY |drives_on = right |cctld = |footnote_a = English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80 percent of Americans aged five and older. It is the official language of at least 28 states; some sources give higher figures, based on differing definitions of "official". English and Hawaiian are both official languages in the state of Hawaii, and English and twenty Native American languages are official in Alaska. Cherokee is an official language in some Native-controlled lands of Oklahoma. French is a de facto but nonofficial language in the states of Maine and Louisiana, while New Mexico state law grants Spanish a special status.〔New Mexico Code 1–16–7 (1981).〕〔New Mexico Code 14–11–13 (2011).〕 |footnote_b = In five U.S. territories, English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official: Spanish in Puerto Rico, Samoan in American Samoa, Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Carolinian is also a official language in the Northern Mariana Islands. |footnote_c = Whether the United States or China is larger has been disputed. The figure given is from the U.S. Census.〔 |footnote_d = See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States. |footnote_e = Except the United States Virgin Islands. }} The United States of America (USA), commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major territories and various possessions. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. At 3.8 million square miles (9.842 million km2)〔"(State and other areas )", U.S. Census Bureau, (MAF/TIGER ) database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.〕 and with over 320 million people, the country is the world's third or fourth-largest by total area}} and the third most populous. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.〔Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.〕 The geography and climate of the United States are also extremely diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Wildlife Library )〕 Paleo-Indians migrated from Eurasia to what is now the U.S. mainland at least 15,000 years ago,〔 with European colonization beginning in the 16th century. The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolution. On July 4, 1776, as the colonies were fighting Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, delegates from the 13 colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence. The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by the Kingdom of Great Britain, and was the first successful war of independence against a European colonial empire.〔Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361. 〕 The country's constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, and ratified by the states in 1788. The first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. Driven by the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, the United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century.〔 This involved displacing American Indian tribes, acquiring new territories, and gradually admitting new states, until by 1848 the nation spanned the continent. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War ended legal slavery in the country. By the end of that century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean, and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/ )〕 The Spanish–American War and confirmed the country's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in war, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower.〔 〕 The United States is a developed country and has the world's largest national economy by nominal and real GDP, benefiting from an abundance of natural resources and high worker productivity. While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, the country continues to be one of the world's largest manufacturers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】year=2013 )〕 Accounting for 34% of global military spending and 23% of world GDP, it is the world's foremost military and economic power, a prominent political and cultural force, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations.〔Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America (【引用サイトリンク】title=Geographical trends of research output ) (【引用サイトリンク】title=The top 20 countries for scientific output ) (【引用サイトリンク】title=Granted patents )〕 ==Etymology== In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere "America" after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci (Latin: ''Americus Vespucius''). The first documentary evidence of the phrase "United States of America" is from a letter dated January 2, 1776, written by Stephen Moylan, Esq., George Washington's aide-de-camp and Muster-Master General of the Continental Army. Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed, Moylan expressed his wish to carry the "full and ample powers of the United States of America" to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort.〔DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) (Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer. ) "Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom. A new find suggests the man might have been George Washington himself." ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).〕 The first known publication of the phrase "United States of America" was in an anonymous essay in ''The Virginia Gazette'' newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776. In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence.〔DeLear, Byron (August 16, 2012). ("Who coined the name 'United States of America'? Mystery gets new twist." ) ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).〕 In the final Fourth of July version of the Declaration, the title was changed to read, "The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Charters of Freedom )〕 In 1777 the Articles of Confederation announced, "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America. The preamble of the Constitution states "...establish this Constitution for the United States of America." The short form "United States" is also standard. Other common forms are the "U.S.", the "USA", and "America". Colloquial names are the "U.S. of A." and, internationally, the "States". "Columbia", a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 1700s, derives its origin from Christopher Columbus; it appears in the name "District of Columbia". In non-English languages, the name is frequently the translation of either the "United States" or "United States of America", and colloquially as "America". In addition, an abbreviation (e.g. USA) is sometimes used.〔For example, the U.S. embassy in Spain calls itself the embassy of the "Estados Unidos", literally the words "states" and "united", and also uses the initials "EE.UU.", the doubled letters implying plural use in Spanish () Elsewhere on the site "Estados Unidos de América" is used ()〕 The phrase "United States" was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e.g., "the United States are"—including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865. The singular form—e.g., "the United States is"— became popular after the end of the American Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom "these United States". The difference is more significant than usage; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit.〔G. H. Emerson, ''The Universalist Quarterly and General Review'', Vol. 28 (Jan. 1891), p. 49, quoted in Zimmer paper above.〕 A citizen of the United States is an "American". "United States", "American" and "U.S." refer to the country adjectivally ("American values", "U.S. forces"). "American" rarely refers to subjects not connected with the United States.〔Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). ''The Columbia Guide to Standard American English''. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-231-06989-8.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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